Spirits, Stars and Spells

Spirits, Stars and Spells, 1966, by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, is a compendium of articles by the de Camps that had been published in various magazines (mostly SF) over the years, on the subject of Magic and of the various pseudo-sciences that have grown out of magic over the years and of how Science itself has grown out of Magic. The de Camps draw the following rules showing how magic works:

 

1. Magic causes an association of ideas with a causal connection in the objective world. A simple example is the astrological association of the planet Mars with strife. To the Babylonian astronomers, the red star suggested blood, which suggested war, which suggested Nerigal the war god. Thus an innocent planet was named “Nerigal” and blamed for human strife.

 

2. Magic relies upon “post-hoc”reasoning. A preceded B; therefore A caused B. As an example. A few centuries ago a crew of sailors had a narrow escape from being swaped in a storm. Afterwards they tried to figure out what they could have done to cause the storm. They recalled that they had sat around boasting about their love lives, concluded that this was the cause, and swore off bragging about their amours.

 

3. Magic generalizes from a single instance. Shortly after the Yakuts of Siberia saw their first camel, they suffered a smallpox epidemic and rashly concluded that camels cause smallpox.

 

4. Magic is authoritarian, and the older the authority the more weight it carries. When an ordinary writer is dishonest, he puts his own name on another’s ideas. When an occult writer is dishonest, his dishonesty usually takes the form of publishing his own ideas, claiming that he copied them from a secret manuscript written thousands of years ago.

 

As an example of post-hoc reasoning, Sprague cites the example of someone who eats a strange berry in the woods and gets a stomach-ache and concludes that berries of that kind do not agree with him. This is not scientific because it generalizes from a single case. This sort of reasoning works fairly well most of the time. The trouble arises when men try to solve the secrets of nature by these processes.  To discover natural laws, we need a method that works all of the time. Otherwise the thinker will soon make an error, and, without scientific correction, the error will beget others until he is hopelessly off the track.

 

According to Sprague, the attraction of magic lies in the fact that….”there are always people who want knowledge without study, health without self-discipline, wealth without work, safety without precautions, and, in general, happiness without earning it. These people are the natural prey of the occultist, the medium, the astrologer, the medical charlatan, and all the others who prowl through the twilight land of magic"

The Great Monkey Trial

I just finished reading L. Sprague deCamp's The Great Monkey trial.  This is a well researched and detailed account of the Scopes trial.  The book was published in 1968. As far as I know, the book is out of print but I got cheap hardcover copy through alibis.com. Sprague correctly predicted that the battle was not over but would continue for decades yet to come.

What set the Scopes trial in motion was passage of Tennessee's Butler Act, which forbade public-school teachers to deny "the story of the divine creation as taught in the Bible," or to impart the doctrine  "that man has descended from a lower order of animals." Evidently the concept of the separration of church and state was not in force. Sprague asks, "but what exactly is the story of the divine creation as taught in the Bible?"

Sprague said that the original Hebrew book of Genesis says "When the gods began to set in motion the heavens and the earth. He states that the ancient Hebrews, like all other ancient people, worshipped a multitude of gods.  However, during the Babylonian captivity, the priests of the storm god Yahweh (Jehova) became so powerful that they suppressed all the other cults. They promoted their god as the only god of Israel and then to the only God of the world. He goes on to mention that there are two creation stories in the Bible and traces the origin of the creation myth to various Babylonian and Sumerian tales.

During the trial, the prosecutor villified Clarence Darrow as an "agnostic"and accused Darrow of not believing in the immortality of the soul. Darrow stated that he was proud to be an agnostic and that, although he had searched for years, had not found any evidence of the existence of a soul. This illustrates the difficulty a rational man faces in talking to religious crazies. Why would it matter to the prosecutor what Darrow's beliefs or lack of beliefs were?

In the aftermath, Scopes went on to get his masters in geology. He however ran out of money short of getting his doctorate at the University of Chicago. His application for a fellowship was turned down by the president of the school because he felt that Scopes was a "damned atheist."

I think that we need a constitutional ammendment guaranteeing freedom FROM religion

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